For years John Anderson has been warning Galveston leaders of the risk of unbridled coastal development (particularly on the west end of the island), and the futility of engineered solutions (geotubes, beach renourishment) to stave off the encroachment of the Gulf. Ike has generated another round of debates about what can be done to refashion and redirect development on the island. John wrote the following editorial to address these issues that are facing our island again.
Sustainable Development of the Upper Texas Coast: A Call for More Science Input in Post-Ike Recovery
Hurricane Ike was a stark reminder of the risk of living on barrier islands. Yet, even as the loss of human life and material damage are still being assessed, City of Galveston officials and even former US presidents are talking about rebuilding a bigger and better Galveston. The fate of Bolivar Peninsula, however, remains more problematic. What is the future of the upper Texas coast, especially this century, and can Galveston Island sustain the unbridled development that existed prior to Hurricane Ike?
The reality is Galveston Island and Bolivar Peninsula were already experiencing significant changes long before Hurricane Ike, changes brought about by increasing rates of sea level rise and a limited amount of sand within our coastal system. We have tried to slow the rate of change by placing sand-filled socks along stretches of the beach on both Galveston Island and Bolivar Peninsula and placing relatively small amounts of sand on isolated beaches all up and down the coast. These projects were not working to slow beach erosion before Ike and they certainly did not help in reducing storm damage on Bolivar Peninsula, where the brunt of Ike was felt.
Yet, it is a virtual certainty that people will continue proposing even stronger geotextile tubes, offshore barriers and other strategies for combating the forces of nature. Before we buy into these panaceas we need to all take a short ferry trip over to Bolivar Peninsula to see what could have been if Ike had not in the final hours before land fall made that faithful turn to the east. Observe that not only did the Geotubes fail, but as they failed they created weak spots along the coast were breaching resulted in even greater damage inland.
See how few houses within two hundred meters of the coast survived the storm. Note that the elevation of the beach was lowered by several feet. And, while you are there, consider the fact that the beach ridges, which provided the only natural protection to waves and surge, were destroyed leaving the barrier lower and flatter and even more vulnerable to the next storm. Those ridges formed over centuries, they are not coming back any time soon. I would advise against encouraging re-development on Bolivar Peninsula by building a bridge to the peninsula.
As you ride the ferry back over to Galveston give some serious thought to the fact that this could have been us. Fortunately, there are some important geological differences between Galveston Island and Bolivar Peninsula and Follets Island. But that does not mean that Galveston will not see even more devastating storm impact in the future. The question is, how will we prepare for this impact?
If Ike, and other recent storms, has taught us anything it is that there are no quick remedies to combating the forces of nature. The Upper Texas shoreline has been retreating landward in response to natural forces for over a thousand years and it is not in our power to stop the process. So, why do we continue to waste millions of tax dollars on small beach nourishment and other projects that simply do not work? We could build a wall around the island but not without inflicting heavy damage on its natural habitats and ultimately destroying the beaches and wetlands that make the island so attractive. Is that really what we want?
The governing philosophy for the City of Galveston has been that if it raised tax revenue it was good for the island, including allowing people to build houses just landward of the dune line. Many of those houses are now gone or sitting in the surf zone. But many of those houses were being overtaken by the retreating shoreline long before Ike.
Coastal geologists have been calling for City and State government to adopt more realistic coastal development policies for years, but that input has largely been ignored. The City of Galveston was presented with a Geohazards Map for Galveston Island that would prevent building houses too close to the gulf and bay shorelines and would protect valuable natural habitats. This map has been largely ignored in permitting future developments on the island.
Even before Hurricane Ike, the GLO was threatening a dramatic setback policy, perhaps a warning that if the City can’t deal with these issues the state will deal with them. In the aftermath of Hurricane Ike the citizens of Texas have learned that poor development practices on the island will cost them dearly, in particular the huge chunks of state moneys that are needed to pay off the windstorm insurance claims.
I have been reading with interest Eric Berger’s blog on Galveston re-construction and according to my count there is a strong majority of people who feel that they no longer want to see their tax dollars go toward bailing out people who insist on living too near the beach. Galveston will no longer enjoy the luxury of having unsound decisions go un-noticed by those who don’ t live on the island. We are only an island in the geographic sense.
For those who doubt the value of sound science in avoiding catastrophic destruction, I would point to a number of warnings that are stated in my book, published over a year before Ike.
1.That destruction of Highway 3005 on Follets Island and breaching of the island would occur in the next hurricane.
2.Warnings were made to reserve the sand in Big Reef because it would be needed to repair the seawall and other damage after a hurricane. You may recall that this past summer Mr. Patterson had proposed to use that sand to nourish the beach just west of the seawall. Had that been done, much of that sand would have been transported offshore by the storm, a conclusion supported by a number of prominent coastal geologists who visited the site with me shortly after the storm.
3. The vulnerability of Bolivar Peninsula to storm impact was noted. This is due to the relatively low profile of the barrier and its relatively thin sand vaneer compared to Galveston Island. Indeed, there is compelling geological evidence that Bolivar Peninsula was devastated by a powerful storm approximately 600 years ago that destroyed the seaward part of the barrier.
I could go on, but the point here is not to say “I told you so”, it is to demonstrate that it is possible to predict, to some degree at least, storm impact using good science. The question is, will we now continue down a path of denial concerning the potential (inevitable) changes along our coast or will we begin to take a more creative, scientific approach to sustaining the coast for future generations to enjoy.
We can only hope that policy makers will now begin to listen to the scientific community in planning for sustainable development of our coast. While hurricanes raise the greatest public attention to the vulnerability of the coast to change, we must also focus on those changes that are occurring more slowly, over decades. But, these changes are just as real as are those caused by severe storms, and their impacts are just as devastating. We treat the severe traumas but ignore the cancer. Fortunately, the longer term changes are scientifically more predictable than those of hurricanes.
After the Great Storm of 1900 we looked back and asked, “Couldn’t they see it coming?”. Why didn’t they head the warnings? I fear that by the end of this century our grandchildren and great grand children, who will be faced with restoring coastal damage caused by decades of neglect, will be asking themselves “Couldn’t they see it coming?” Did they really think they could reverse the forces of nature?.
John Anderson
Maurice Ewing Professor of Oceanography
Department of Earth Sciences
Rice University
Houston, Texas 77251-1892